The Upaniṣadika Foundations of the Sanātana Dharma: A Philosophical Perspective
Dr. Lighitha.P
Abstract
Sanātana Dharma, often referred to as Hinduism, finds its foundational philosophical underpinnings in the Upaniṣads, which form the core of Vedantic thought. This paper explores the epistemological, metaphysical, and ethical dimensions of the Upanishads in shaping the Sanātana Dharma. The Upanishads provide a transcendental framework, articulating concepts such as Brahman (ultimate reality), Ātman (self), and Mokṣa (liberation). The dialectical method employed in the Upanishads paves the way for a non-dogmatic, introspective approach to understanding reality, which challenges the positivist epistemology. Through a detailed analysis of major Upanishadic texts, this study underscores how their philosophical discourse contributes to a integral, perennial, and self-renewing spiritual tradition. The synthesis of Jñāna (knowledge), Bhakti (devotion), and Karma (action) within the Upanishadic paradigm offers a unique model for contemporary philosophical discourse, particularly in contrast to Western metaphysical traditions. By examining key Upanishadic texts, this study demonstrates how their teachings shape the worldview, practices, and moral framework of Sanātana Dharma. The work further emphasizes the need for reviving Upanishadic epistemology as a means to reformulate the scientific method beyond rigid positivism.
Keywords: Sanātana Dharma, Upaniṣads, Vedānta, Brahman, Ātman, Mokṣa.